no, there is nothing slowing the Earth down. If you spin a bike wheel, it will slow down due to air resistance. There is no air in space.
even if sun stops shining, it will still have its mass, which will keep the earth in orbit around it.
if sun explodes, it can push earth into a different orbit. If that explosion throws away a lot of sun’s mass, then that will change the orbit too. But earth will still retain its momentum.
The only way to slow down earth’s orbital speed is to hit it head-on with an large asteroid. Or have that large asteroid fly by closely enough to pull earth after it.
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