The base voltage is determine by the chemistry of the batteries.
Common batteries like alkaline AAs use a chemistry that results in a battery voltage of 1.5 volts.
Lead acid batteries like those used in cars have a cell voltage of 2 volts. If you look at the top, you’ll see that they have 6 individual cells, so their overall voltage is 12 volts.
Lithium batteries depend on the exact kind of battery. Most lithium ion batteries are 3.7 volts, while lithium iron phosphate batteries are 3.2 volts.
More confusingly, if you look at rechargeable tools, they will sometimes use the normal voltage, but sometimes they will use the fully charged voltage because that gives a bigger number.
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