Dust particles or “lithometeors” play a significant role in weather too. A high concentration of dust plays a vital role in aviation visibility restrictions, especially in middle eastern countries. They can combine with water vapor to cause dense haze or fog in some coastal regions.
They can do the same thing and combine with water vapor in the atmosphere to form a CCN (cloud condensation nuclei), which aids in cloud formation. An example of this would be thunderstorms around large forest fires. The rising heat from the fire causes an unstable atmosphere, and all the added lithometeors from the fire combined with the existing water vapor in the air to create clouds and even thunderstorms.
Edit: grammar
More importantly, where did all the dust come from?
Well.. space. The earth attracts tons and tons of dust to it every day. It settles upon and around us. Adding all the dust put into the atmosphere from industry, cars and power generation and you get what you are seeing now.
What you capture in your vacuum or sweep up and put in the bin, makes its way to landfill and eventually becomes part of the earth again.
Most dust eventually turns into sediment, which (very) eventually will turn into rock. Sometimes, though, persistent winds deliver it to places where it just builds up. Where the dust has accumulated and not consolidated it’s called “loess”. I have friends with a place that’s in the [Palouse loess deposit](https://wa100.dnr.wa.gov/columbia-basin/loess). It develops a thin surface crust, but break through that and it’s just fluffy dust all the way down. The dust in their house is absolutely and positively mostly mineral.
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