You are right that astronomically you have the day and the month but not the week. But we do have records of weeks as a time unit since the earliest recorded writing. But there are things that suggest it was a new concept at the time. For example the length of a week varied and could be 6 days or 10 days depending on the culture, and even the same civilisation could use different length weeks for different purposes. This suggest that the week came about with civilisations. As people went from being farmers and merchants to living in cities with organised militaries, work sites, administration, etc. A week is a convenient time unit when doing labor, you work for 5-9 days and then rest for one day.
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