Weeks are broken up into 7 days for two main reasons. The first was that ancient-to-renaissance astronomers had an obsession with the number 7 because of the 7 major bright/moving astronomical objects: Sun, Moon, and the 5 other planets out to Saturn. In fact, the days are all named after these (SUNday, MO(o)Nday, Tuesday-Saturday are named after Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, Venus, and Saturn in that order)
The other reason is that 7 divides pretty nicely into the ~28 day moon cycle/month
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