maths.
you create a opening between the two halves of the hourglass this is going to let a known about of sand though a minute (worked out by experiments with previous hourglasses). you can then just add however much sand is needed to get to the wanted time (say 1 hour).
its not PERFECTLY accurate, but a lot of the time, you dont need extreme accuracy. your food cooking for a hour is not going to be burnt if it stays in 61 minutes or be raw after only 59 mintues, for example
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