A lot of things. Teeth are already mentioned.
Next of: Growth. If an animal is not fully grown, they know it’s before becoming an adult. Then there is the age that he has all right sizes, but his muscles aren’t 100% developped, so they know he’s a young adult.
Next: wear & tear: Some breeds develop an something called “glaucoma”, where there appears a green layer on the eye, causing bad eys sight, usually this does not develop until an animal reaches a specific age. (Compare to a man: when he’s got touches of grey hair, you’d assume he’s between 40 and 50, and if he’s fully gray, he’s probably over 60.)
Of course it remains a bit of guessing, but when you combine all these things, they can give you an estimate of the animals age.
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