There just isn’t enough of those to make a difference. The bleach reacts with various organic molecules and gets used up. Alcohol gets so diluted that microbes don’t get negatively affected. Some microbes can even use alcohol as a food source when the concentration is low enough.
An analogy:
If all your air was replaced by smoke, you would die because your body can’t handle that—but smelling a tiny bit of smoke from a distant fire won’t negatively affect you much. Similarly, if you replace a microbe’s surroundings with chemical cleaners, it will die but a tiny amount won’t affect them much.
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