Many of these environmental processes are simulated with accelerated frequencies.
For example many years of direct sunlight exposure can be simulated with UV lamps over a much shorter timespan like a few weeks.
Combine that with a climate controlled environment that simulates the change between the hottest of summers and the coldest of winters and you have a pretty good estimation of what happens to your product after being exposed for a few years.
Source: Some of my coworkers use those environmental chambers every day to test materials and their durability.
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