To keep it ELI5: there’s a “super” programming language that all CPUs are made to understand called the instruction set. On top of that is Assembly, which is a bit more readable but still hard to comprehend and especially maintain when programs grow larger and more complex. Then on top of that is the programming language of your choice.
As for how that programming language gets “translated” to Assembly, it kinda depends on how the programming language is designed. A programming language like Java runs in a Java Virtual Machine or JVM (although I’m sure someone has made a native compiler somehow) whereas something like C gets compiled directly into Assembly.
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