High quality people and good policy. Colonialism isn’t necessary for wealth, and in many attempted cases it cost the colonizer more than they received in return. (Serves them right.) Early Scandianivian societies adopted good policies – in part because the harsh winter made it very costly to have bad ones – that fostered social cohesion combined with reliable rights. This allowed trade to flourish, and as long as you have a reasonable method for spreading the gains from trade, you’ll be fine.
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