How are stars made? Where do the gases and other components come from in a vacuum?
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There are no perfect vacuums, there is even matter in between galaxies. There is just not a lot of it. Vacuum can mean any pressure below atmospheric pressure.
Stars are formed from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_cloud](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_cloud) which is the remains of previous stars that have exploded. The material will start to clump together because of gravity after there are some disturbances of the cloud.
The matter in a Molecular cloud will be very low we talk about 100 to 300 molecules per cubic centimeter. This is a similarity in density to the moon’s atmosphere and we call that vacuum. But when you have volumes of cubic lightyears the total amount is huge an can from stars and planets.
We can observe it happening right now [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_formation#/media/File:PIA18928-Protostar-HOPS383-20150323.jpg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_formation#/media/File:PIA18928-Protostar-HOPS383-20150323.jpg)
There are no perfect vacuums, there is even matter in between galaxies. There is just not a lot of it. Vacuum can mean any pressure below atmospheric pressure. I would say that galaxy formation is like stellar formation on a universe scale. If there is some variation in the density of the matter it starts to clump together in some places and with very little matter in between. Galaxy formation include more assumption than solar system formation because we can’t observe it
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