Some good explanations here already, but I thought I’d mention that the technical term for doing this is https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasterisation.
Like other commenters explained, the vector “image” basically contains mathematical instructions for how to ‘draw’ the image. To display it on a 2D pixel display, you run a rasterization algorithm that takes those mathematical instructions and decides which pixels on the screen should be filled with which colors from the instructions. Kinda like making one of those color-by-number grid coloring pages. Then a pixel display knows how to take a color-by-number grid and display it — because that’s really simple, you just set each pixel in the grid to the color it says to use.
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