To note most animals make this kind of judgement call in order to survive, it isn’t a mathematical sum being done it is more a combination of knowledge and experience and general understanding of how things work. As an example if you throw a ball into a pool a dog can calculate how far they should run round the edge of the pool before jumping in and swimming to the ball. In general if you map out the triangle of the movement of the dog (fast round the edge of the pool, slower swimming to the ball) the dog will take the shortest route timewise to reach the ball.
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