How can a bunker protect from a nuclear catastrophe?
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For a full disclaimer: ***Anything between you and the radiation fallout is better than nothing.*** If you cannot get to a proper bunker or concrete basement within 10-15 minutes of a nuclear event, remain in a location as inside as you can, with as many walls between yourself and the outside.
Bunkers have usually two main materials: One is a dense metal (usually steel or lead), to reinforce concrete.
Those materials have the ability to absorb and trap radiation better than most other common materials by being so dense that radioactive particles will bounce around and away instead of penetrating deeper into it. Wood, in comparison, is a lot less dense, and will let more radiation through.
Strong enough radiation can still push through those materials, however, and the only way to enhance them would be to use denser materials (which are often rarer) or thicker walls (usually what we choose to use).
That being said, it’s basically that for the most part: Dense materials basically preventing radiation from moving through it easily, “trapping” it in.
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