How can a single ethernet cable running to a gigabit switch provide multiple connections with gigabit speeds?
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It can’t. It can give any of the computers connected to the switch 1 Gbit/s speeds, but not at the same time.
If computers A and B tried to send to computer C, A and B would be sending at half a gigabit each.
If you wanted to transfer at more than 1 Gbit to computer C, the switch would need at least one port with more than 1 Gbit speeds, and C would have to be connected to that port.
If you’re asking how computer A can talk to B, and D can talk to E at 1 Gbit at the same time, that’s because they’re not going through C at all.
The switch directs the data from A directly to B and D to E without it first sending anywhere else.
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