Under the right conditions, you probably could sustain a human fetus outside the womb. The problem is that the research itself would be so wildly immoral and unethical, there’s no way any researchers would be allowed to conduct the experiments and trials in the first place. Lots of these restrictions are legal and ethical restrictions, not technological.
To say it simply, ethics. We’ve been developing the technology to create an artificial womb for something like 70 years. It’s been successfully tested in animals. It was supposed to be ready for use in humans for premature babies a few years ago. It isn’t ready because it’s difficult to test in humans because ethics and laws. Also this technology could weaken the argument for abortion, and we can’t afford that.
Evolution over millions of years has enabled some types of creatures to do this, e.g. birds and reptiles, mammals have not, they went down a different evolutionary track. However, we are getting closer to enabling this with artificial wombs such as in this report https://www.bbc.com/news/av/health-50056405
Because the egg contains all of the ingredients closed inside it (nutrition, really) that it needs, whereas a premature baby before certain amount of gestation isn’t developed enough to survive because they basically get their nutrition via “mainline connection” directly to moms body and receive the nutrition as mom produces it. The egg has a nutrition “bank” inside it ready to go for the full period of development. Some preemies can live and continue to grow and develop outside because their organs (stomach and lungs) have developed enough to enable them to process oxygen or formula and keep receiving nutrition to complete development outside the womb.
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