The exact same way it’s true today. Some places have more resources, better education, stronger economies, more trade, etc, etc. There are places you can visit today where there’s nearly 100% literacy, and places with <25%.
Also, during the “dark ages” Europe still had literacy, it was just not very common. Education was for the elite, and the monks. Really, the dark ages are just a period of economic collapse that took a long time to recover from. There were still both rich and poor, educated and uneducated, just mostly the later until the Renaissance, when education became a big deal.
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