Because despite being really really hot, it’s also really really compressed.
The phase (solid, liquid, or gas) of something is determined by 3 things:
1. The physical properties of the substance
2. The temperature
3. The pressure.
If the pressure is high enough, most things can stay solid, up to pretty ridiculous temperatures.
And it might not be surprising to learn that the core of a planet is under some pretty high pressures.
This also explains why we have 2 cores. The solid inner core, and a liquid outer core. Even though they’re made of the same stuff, because the outer core is under less pressure, it can become a liquid.
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