They do it by preserving it. Canning, drying, freezing, and salting! There are a lot of ways to preserve different foods after harvesting and slaughtering.
You can jar/can fresh fruits and vegetables and have them stay fresh for a very long time. Meats can be frozen and even jerkied to be kept long term.
If you are talking about sustaining by selling their harvest, you diversify. I work with a lot of farmers who after crop season change it up. Growing stuff in greenhouses, I talk to a farmer who makes and sells Christmas wreaths and other ever green holiday decorations in the winter.
Saving money. They know how much money they need to make it through to next harvest so they sell accordingly and save what they need until next season.
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