In ancient times
1) you cure meat and pickle vegetables. That is why most civilizations have their own version of cured meat and pickles.
2) different veggies grow at different season. In relatively cold Asian plains, radish and Chinese cabbages are harvested in winter. That’s why Koreans are famous for their pickled radishes and cabbages.
3) some stuff will keep in a cellar for a long time. Such as onions, potatoes etc.
4) grains once harvested and dried will keep for a year minimum.
For most agrarian societies historically, the standard person (i.e. peasants) were pretty malnourished. Grains and beans and stuff can store for years if kept dry and away from pests. Most peasants didn’t eat meats or fresh fruits on a daily basis. Hence why holidays were such a big deal. Read about the history of the potato. Dude went on a global like advertising campaign because he thought it would solve a ton of malnourishment problems which it did until it didn’t
Now we have global trade and factory farms so you just buy whatever you want.
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