Example: Historians can know when the Jewish Temple was destroyed, when certain Pharaohs reigned, when the Gallic wars occurred, etc.
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Because scholars and historians of the time recorded events as they happened and included dates. While they may have used different calendar systems, when you collect enough corroborating data across different cultures, each one allows us to find out about the other.
For example, let’s say I’m a scholar and I write about the coronation of King Tut In year 520 of whatever calendar I’m using, and I chronicle his reign and I note that he died 30 years in his reign.
Some visiting Greek scholar was there who also recorded the death of King Tut and he uses his own calendar system which is in the year 213 and notes that it also happened to be on Easter.
Then some cleric in Rome is going around chronicling all the Easter celebrations from around the Roman empire and in fact even invents a new calendar system just for that, and that calendar system is the one we end up using today.
Well we could use these hypothetical connections to recalculate the reign of King Tut with respect to our own calendar.
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