It’s called a three way switch. It routes the voltage on a path where either switch can make or break the circuit. A 4 way switch can be used between any two 3 way switches to add another switch. Any combination of 4 way switches and two 3 way switches can control one bank of lights. In any home it will be on one circuit.
There are other setups where multiple switches control one bank of lights that break all the rules above, but for basic setups in modest homes and modest commercial setups what’s above is what you’ll see.
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