Short answer is you can’t with 100% certainty, but there are certain ways to gain enough information to make an educated guess about caste. You might see someone ask about your last name, what part of town you live in or your parent’s native land, parents/ancestors occupation/education to make inferences.
Additionally language is another way to tell – there are certain accents and vocabulary in each of the Indian languages associated with social class and caste. It is also gleaned based off diet – how dishes are made, what ingredients are used, and more importantly, what ingredients *aren’t* used. There are also certain religious holidays that only members of a certain caste would know to celebrate, additionally there are certain religious rituals and rites performed by certain castes. There are also some physical attributes stereotypically associated with certain castes, but this is not nearly as reliable as the other factors.
TL;DR It’s not 100% obvious, but you can usually get enough info to sus out an approximate guess after a bit of conversation/observation.
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