How can scientists accurately know the global temperature 120,000 years ago?

Question

Scientist claims that July 2023 is the hottest July in 120,000 years.
My question is: how can scientists accurately and reproducibly state this is [the hottest month of July globally in 120,000 years](https://www.theage.com.au/environment/climate-change/the-hottest-july-in-120-000-years-what-s-in-store-for-australia-this-summer-20230719-p5dpm3.html)?

In: 4028

Answer 1

No one can accurately compare today’s weather to the weather every July for the last 120,000 years. Scientists don’t even agree on the temperature today. It’s all estimates, and estimates have significant error rates.