A digital camera will have a sensor that it *much* larger than a phone.
A larger sensor means you can collect more light in less time. (a shorter exposure is required)
A small senor will require a longer exposure time. And longer exposure on a CCD sensor = more noise. More noise = grainy pictures.
The higher megapixel counts on cell phones is mostly just marketing wank. And since the sensors are so small, it’s much cheaper to cram more pixels onto them.
It’s really just a quantity vs quality issue.
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