We can’t “know” in the same way we can know the chemical composition of water. We can look at all the available data and use inferences to determine what was most probable. The biggest point of data I’ve heard against the pyramid builders being slaves is that they were buried in tombs beside the pyramids with beer and bread. This type of burial was unlikely to be wasted on slaves. They were most likely farmers who worked on the pyramids while their fields were flooded out of religious devotion and were compensated for it.
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