Telescopes collect light from a large area and then condense it into the small eye-piece. The way it gets light from a large area is usually by having a large lens or mirror. All the light that falls on it gets collected and sent to the eye-piece. This way we get far more light from a far-away object than would otherwise get through our rather small pupils, making that object visible.
In the other hand, the furthest object that can be seen with a naked eye is the Andromeda galaxy which is three million light years away, so we can see pretty far away without a telescope as well.
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