“Raster” graphics represent an image as a grid of rectangular pixels of varying color. If the pixels are small then the image looks smooth, but look closer and eventually you can see those rectangular chunks. Sharp borders of color at certain angles will look jagged.
Vector graphics represent an image by mathematical formula which chart lines and curves. They can be calculated to any precision you desire so your display device (which is using pixels itself) can always produce output at the limit of its possible resolution, meaning it always looks as smooth as possible no matter the zoom.
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