A campfire only gets so hot for a few different reasons. One is that a lot of the heat dissipate into the air, and is kinda lost. Confining the heat in an insulated chambers is a good start toward building higher temperatures. Another reason contained fuel can generate higher temperatures is concentrated oxygen supply. In a woodstove for instance, the chimney creates a natural draft (air flow), pulling fresh air directly to the flames as the exhaust rises up the chimney because of the fact that heat rises. The higher the chimney, the more intense this effect can be. Then, there’s also the possibility of super-charging the air flow artificially with something like a bellows (a modern equivalent would likely use an electric fan instead) to increase the oxygen supply to the fuel. The fuel burns out more quickly, and releases its energy more quickly.
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