Your camera can actually see a lot more than your eye can…it’s sensitive to more wavelengths, at much higher resolution over the whole viewing area (your eye only does high-res at a small area around the center), and can focus over a wider range for some lenses.
But…your expensive phone camera is hooked up to an image processor that, in comparison to your brain, is absolutely pathetic. A HUGE amount of image processing happens between your eyeballs and your conscious brain. What you “see” isn’t the raw image recorded on your retina, what you see is a massively processed composite image backed up by a lot of real-time inference and modelling. Your poor phone only gets to take one image at a time, maybe a few if it’s a nice HDR one, you’ve got two eyeballs taking “pictures” constantly and then feeding them to an extremely sophisticated real-time image processor.
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