They licensed the ARM core, which has been undergoing improvements for years and years. ARM makes a family of customizable microprocessor cores, which is exactly what Apple needed.
Apple also has significant experience in doing chip designs, just not necessarily the main microprocessor. Hardware design was one of the company’s key competencies from the very beginning. And they’ve done quite a few custom chips on their own.
Then they hired a bunch of really really good, experienced microprocessor designers to head up their design teams.
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