*How did countries in Europe, develop complex distinct languages between each other? Despite them being so close?*
Evolution.
How many times have you walked to the next town?
People used to stay where they were born and talk to other people who were born in the same place. It’s still that way to an extent. [New York City has multiple accents](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1hrA9-6o4tI). [London has multiple accents](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H0QUnt5h8w4).
Consider the Galapagos Islands and [Darwin’s famous finches](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwin%27s_finches): different species on different islands.
Back before fast transport and communications, you could be born on one side of a river or lake or mountain range and never see or speak to people from the other side. You may have come from the same stock many years earlier, but your languages and cultures diverge over time.
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