I’m sure there’s a highly technical way of doing this today, but how did chemists in the 18th century know that what they had produced was a pure and uknown chemical element, and not just another chemical compound?
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They made the best educated guess they could based on the available evidence they had at the time. This is true of anything in science, even today. Sometimes we’re wrong, but when we’re wrong, that’s good because it means we get to add to our body of knowledge.
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