I think the most simple answer really depends on the culture. There are so many alternatives to toothpaste that do not require any production or technology.
I believe one of the most common ones is charcoal, when used properly it will have the same effect as any toothpaste. I have also heard about coconut oil, some types of clay and even salt. Some cultures even use plant fibres as brushes and floss! I am also pretty sure that before toothpaste became standard, most 1st world countries were using baking soda – very cheap and effective.
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