The sun was a huge factor. Sun-up, sun-down, and noon were easy markers. Science (astronomy/ weather) still use “solar time” because the position of the sun means a lot more than the position of hands on the clock.
Public clocks and churches had bells. Bell towers were a big way to signal time.
Before internet-connected time, clocks would be off all the time. School bells were kind of vital because the clocks in different teachers’ rooms would be off from each other. How do you know when someone’s tardy if everyone goes by a different clock? You have the bell. In factory settings, a whistle would sound the shift changes to synchronize things.
Pre-internet era, being +/- 10 minutes was just part of the error bars.
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