A cassette tape will have a magnetic field that is different over time and a read head will detect the change when the tape moves. The head will produce an electrical signal that is the sound. The electrical sound signal is the same as what a headphone outlet produces.
A cassette tape is recorded but has a write head that produces a magnetic field from an external signal and is changes the magnetization of the tape.
So the tape is a way to store the output of a write head that you later can read with a read head.
But what if we skipped the tape and put the write head next to the read head?
The result is that the sound is transmitted between them. So make a case with a write head and wires to a sound source. Put the write head in the right location so the read head can read it. You can now send an electrical sound signal to a device by using the cassette slot.
That is how the cassette adaptors worked they look like [https://guide-images.cdn.ifixit.com/igi/DgKGWjIPbWe1Fd6H.large](https://guide-images.cdn.ifixit.com/igi/DgKGWjIPbWe1Fd6H.large) inside. The cogs are there so the auto-reverse direction mechanism is not engaged.
Read and write head is technically the same part used in different ways, I just called that for simplicity. It is not different from how a electric motor is an electric generator used in reverse
Look at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dH4n8fUjtLQ for more info
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