Mars could be seen with the naked eye, but the invention of telescopes really pushed the field forward.
Telescopes required (at the time) complex glass production. As a result planetary discovery heavily relied on a large established glass industry that could make the types of specialized curved lenses the teslescopes required. This limited astronomy to some parts of the world only. Chemistry entirely relied on glass as well and also ended up a geographically limited scientific field, but that’s a different topic.
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