Trade and Globalization.
I wont get into the history of it all, but it started with international trade. Take our pick: the land route of the Silk Road, the vibrant Indian ocean trade, or the treacherous Manila-Acapulco Galleon trade. All of these routes took months if not years to complete, and even then, record keeping was a thing. So they needed a system to keep track of things: when they got it, when they sold it, when it would spoil, when they left port, prediction of when they would arrive, and a myriad other things. Eventually, other cultures just adopted the system used by the traders instead of converting it to their own local calendar/time. Eventually we just adopted a single calendar and standard time because of trade and technology.
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