how do ancient civilizations communicate? Since if an empire is rly big then would different areas have different languages? And how do people translate if they can’t learn another language since they don’t understand each other?
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The way of communication was mostly couriers. Riding in some parts, running where horses weren’t available.
The languages are less of an issue. Travelling traders always existed, and they learned the language of distant lands from immersion (point thing, they say the word, you memorize)
By the time large empires formed there already was a whole trader tradition that could teach languages to potential messangers/diplomats.
And yes, this inefficient and slow form of communication made direct control of large empires very hard. You needed loyal people to oversee a region in your absense.
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