how do architects calculate if a structure like a bridge is stable?
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If the structure is being designed you calculate the loads the structure is going to be subject to in two situations, intense use and extreme circumstances, based on that you matematically model the stresses and deformations in the different elements and materials. Then you check with a certain safety margin that the deformations and vibrations during intense use are not going to damage the material or scare the people using the structure, also that under extreme circumstances the structure doesn’t just completely fall apart but people can escape even though you’re just going to demolish it later.
If the structure is already being built, you load it with a weight close to the intense use limit (in a home you might use sand bags and on a bridge a column of trucks) and you check the deformations are not over the limit you imposed, in case concrete was used on location you have to collect some simples the same day, one month later check the resistance is at least the one you asked to be provided to you by the production company.
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