With the metal ones, the basic idea is that they attach a small metal square onto each tooth, with cement. The squares have grooves running through the middle. They place a strong wire through the grooves, and attach the wire with tiny, strong rubber bands. At the monthly appointments, they redo the wire to tighten it.
When you wear the braces for a long time, it forces the teeth to gradually move.
That’s just the basic system, but there are lots of additional contraptions to fix other issues like overbite, narrow palate, and so on.
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