How do calculators and computers do integral and differential calculus?

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Digital arithmetic seems straightforward, but how do calculators do calculus? How do calculators find the area between two curves, or calculate the instantaneous rate of change of a function?

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>How do calculators do calculus?

Different computer programs will “do calculus” in different ways.

**Computer algebra systems** will actually be programmed with algorithms to specifically work out operations like *Int[2x]=x^2* before evaluating *x* over the specified ranges.

**Numerical methods** instead use algorithms that “plug and chug” by chopping up a problem into a bunch of finely-sliced arithmetic-on-datapoints problems to try to get a “close enough” numerical answer to some specific level of numerical precision.

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