Most car keys nowadays have what’s called a „rolling code“. Every time you press the button on the car key it sends a binary code to the car that is compared to the same list the car has. There’s different ways to do this, the most common way is that you have an initial seed and an algorithm (perhaps a pseudo-Random number generator) generating the next code from the previous one, or what’s less common and the older approach is a long ordered list of codes that is large enough for the lifecycle of the car. If you press the button while your car is not in reach and you come back, the car car can still recognise the key by comparing it to the next codes.
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