How do chip design engineers make sure that there is no interference between different circuit modules due to electromagnetic fields, given that every circuit component is very close to each other?
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A really big part of it is that they *aren’t* going in and writing out every single gate and wire by hand and then seeing if it’d work.
There are currently around as many transistors in a modern CPU than there are people alive. You just can’t do that by hand. Sure, you could try, but if you put one down every second you’d still die before a single desktop CPU was designed.
So instead for a lot of it you build up larger patterns that you’ve used before, which already do what you want, and for which you already know what kinds of fields they produce in aggregate. And then you plug them together, and make sure those connecting wires don’t mess with the stuff they’re near.
So it’s sorta like designing a city. You don’t choose what door trim shape and second floor east-facing windows’ colors will be for every house. You say “this area is residential”, estimate how many roads you need to support it and make sure they work with the roads they connect to, and then buildings happen (yay building architects) and the miniscule details about those houses don’t matter to the city planners.
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