How do companies create flavours like fruits,coffee etc without using actual fruit or coffee?
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Depends on the flavour. Some are relatively simple, composed only out of a few molecules easy to recreate using chemistry. Some fruity flavouring or floral scents fall into this category.
For others, that might be more chemically complex, there’s a simple process using cheap ingredients that can recreate them. Savoury flavours (meats etc.) can be made out of literal soy sauce or yeast by heating them up with some acids and bases in the right way.
Finally, there are flavours that consist of dozens of molecules in varying concentrations, and changing or missing anything tastes noticeably “off”. Those are usually just made from natural extracts (as in, literally extracting the molecules from the real thing), because trying to synthesise them would be a more expensive pain in the ass than just using the real thing. Some other fruit flavours, chocolate etc. are like that.
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