Well you seem to understand that it becomes binary, so I suppose you want to know how they turn parts and electricity into those 0 and 1s.
This gets complicated and my knowledge is a bit rusty, but I’ll do my best.
The basics are that computer components, like a cpu chip, have many many little gates in them, and they can be in two states. Sending a current to a gate flips it from one state to another, which is used to create a consistent logic by basically creating strings of logic that can be interpreted to have meaning by using programming to turn it into bits of information that can be worked with by software.
I hope someone else can come up with a more natural explanation, but basically using electricity to modify logical sequences can be used to store information.
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