They are just solvents, usually just isopropyl alcohol, but sometimes some other very fast evaporating solvents like pentane or hexane.
You spray them in, and they wash off any dirt and dissolve any grease. The dirty liquid then drips off the contacts and evaporates.
They don’t have water in so don’t conduct electricity or cause corrosion. However, they do need to drip out – because once the solvents evaporate, all the dirt dries out and gets left behind. Although if you spray into a switch of charging port, when the liquid dries, it hopefully won’t be anywhere important, so the dirt being left behind doesn’t matter so much.
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