So I just learned that not all borders are fenced, very few of them are actually. So how are countries able to monitor thousands of kilometers of unfenced borders to fight off smuggling and illegal immigration ? Especially when it comes to long borders in arid/undeveloped areas, one example that comes to mind are the borders in Siberia.
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The level of guarding borders depends on the level of the perceived threat, whether it be military (e.g various incursions or spying), economic (e.g. smuggling), or social (e.g. unlawful migration).
Countries with problematic relationship in one or more of these categories tend to have higher level of physical protection (e.g. fences), more patrols, and extensive electronic surveillance on rural portions with cameras, drones, and other sensors.
Countries with good relationship in all these aspects tend to have minimal amount of measures. Nowadays mostly using electronic surveillance over what is happening over the border crossings.
Even e.g. between Sweden and Norway, the border is monitored to some degree due to some smuggling going on. So even remote rural road border crossings have cameras, so a customs station inland from the border can monitor what is happening and if it is suspicious, send out a patrol to intercept the vehicle (or if the road passes by that customs station, put the boom down and redirect the car for inspection…).
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