So I just learned that not all borders are fenced, very few of them are actually. So how are countries able to monitor thousands of kilometers of unfenced borders to fight off smuggling and illegal immigration ? Especially when it comes to long borders in arid/undeveloped areas, one example that comes to mind are the borders in Siberia.
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Most countries don’t need to “guard their borders”. Either they are allies with the countries they border, or as would be the case with Siberia that you mention, the area around the border is pretty much devoid of life for hundreds of miles on either side.
Yes, things like illegal immigration and smuggling can occur in those cases, but normally both of these would happen on roads that exist between the two countries, meaning you can just setup border checkpoints along those roads.
The case where you aren’t allies with your neighbors, such as India and Pakistan, North and South Korea, Israel and Palestine, those are the areas you would typically see something being used to block the border.
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